Nicholson, S. (2015)A RECIPE for Meaningful Gamification - In Wood, L. & Reiners, T., eds. Gamification in Education and Business, New York: Springer. 1-20

Meaningful gamification is the use of gameful and playful layers to help a user find personal connections that motivate engagement with a specific context for long-term change. While reward-based gamification can be useful for short-term goals and situations where the participants have no personal connections or intrinsic motivation to engage in a context, rewards can reduce intrinsic motivation and the long-term desire to engage with the real world context. If the goal is long-term change, then rewards should be avoided and other game-based elements used to create a system based on concepts of meaningful gamification. This article introduces six concepts - Reflection, Exposition, Choice, Information, Play, and Engagement - to guide designers of gamification systems that rely on non-reward-based game elements to help people find personal connections and meaning in a real world context.